Вот то исследование, что упоминалось в книге:
http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb ... y/hess.htmЦитата:
Another contribution that Hess made was in the intriguing study of pupillometrics in which pupil size and movement is measured to identify emotionally charged or complex stimuli. He initially studied pupillary response with his assistant at the University of Chicago, James M. Polt. They record the subject's eye dilations via a mirror that is angled toward a video camera. (See Figure 2). At first, the subject would look at a control slide with intensity similar to that of the stimulus slide they were about to witness. After viewing the control for approximately 10 seconds, they would be presented with the stimulus for 10 seconds. This pairing of control slide and stimulus slide would be repeated10 to 12 times. Hess and Polt would then measure the average size of the pupil for each of the control and experimental trials (Hess, 1959).
He was initially hesitant to push forward with this line of research because there was a chance that illumination alone could affect the pupillary response. He conducted another experiment in which he used the natural room lighting for the control so that the screen would always be somewhat brighter during the experimental trials. The dependent variable was the percentage change in pupil size. Had the room lighting been the sole factor, the subjects' pupils would have constricted regardless of the stimulus present. Interestingly enough, female subjects tested showed a more positive change in pupil dilation for slides of a baby, a mother and baby, a male "pinup" figure, while the male subjects favored a female "pinup" figure and a landscape. This research showed that interesting or positive stimuli would cause dilation while negative stimuli would cause contraction. This sparked Hess' interest and he began to do more research in the field of pupillometrics (Hess, 1959).
Using similar methods, Hess and Polt presented two identical pictures of a woman that differed in one aspect to a group of 20 men. In one, the size of her pupils had been greatly enlarged; while in the other, her pupils were extremely small. On average, the response by the men for the picture with the large pupils was twice that of the picture with the small pupils. After the experiment was completed, the men were asked to comment on the photographs and most of them stated that the two were identical. Of the few that did not state the photographs were identical, reports were given that one woman was "prettier" or "more feminine" (Hess, 1959). None of those tested had noticed the difference in the pupil size of the woman in the picture.
Another finding by Hess was when he administered math problems while measuring pupillary change. In one study, a subject's pupil size is measured while they perform arithmetic problems mentally. The subject's eyes dilated until the point where the problem was solved and then constricted back to a normal range. In another study, subjects were given four multiplication problems and were measured for percentage change in pupil size. The change in dilation was a measure of how much effort the task took for each subject. The greater the increase in dilation indicated the more cognitive effort used during the task (Hess, 1959).
Но вот нашел в посвежее исследование:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583162/Там все не так однозначно с сознательными реакциями, но вот участки мозга, ответственные за эмоции расширение зрачков просекают и их активность повышается.
Цитата:
Here we offer additional data showing that pupil dilation is 1 such subtle signal of nonspecific arousal and vigilance to which the amygdala is sensitive. Importantly, the big- and small-pupil faces in our work did not differ in explicit ratings of arousal, valence, or attractiveness, yet the amygdala responded with increased activity to the big-pupil faces. Finally, this effect occurred without explicit awareness on the part of subjects. Future research could seek to define the effect of this implicit environmental monitoring in terms of behavioral outcomes for the organism of study.
Зрачки раньше не только завапыванием увеличевали в реале, но и художники на картинах.
Теперь все более прямолинейно - увеличивают сиськи.
Via est Vita.
